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Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a large class of proteins involved in signal transduction pathways, which are activated by a range of stimuli and mediate a number of physiological and pathological changes in the cell. Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a subclass of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) gene superfamily, which are selective for dephosphorylating critical phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues within MAP kinases. DUSP gene expression is induced by a

Caldesmon, Filamin 1, Nebulin, Plastin, ADF, Gelsolin, CapG, Dematin and Cofilin are differentially expressed Actin-binding proteins. Both muscular (CDh) and non-muscular (CD1) forms of Caldesmon bind to Actin as well as to Calmodulin and Myosin. CDh is expressed predominantly on thin filaments in smooth muscle, whereas CD1 is widely expressed in non-muscle tissues and cells. CapG, also designated Actin-regulatory protein and macrophage-capping protein, is a macrophage-specific protein tha

CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2) belongs to a family of autophosphorylating kinases termed CLK (CDC2/CDC28-like kinases), which have been shown to phosphorylate serine- and arginine-rich (SR) proteins of the spliceosomal complex, and to influence alternative splicing in overexpression systems. Recent findings demonstrated that the CLK kinases activate PTP-1B family members, and this phosphatase may be an important cellular target for CLK action. Mutations in the CLK2 proteins affect organismal featu

N2DL1 is a human rat mouse ligand for the NKG2D receptor, together with at least ULBP2 and ULBP3. ULBPs activate multiple signaling pathways in primary NK cells, resulting in the production of cytokines and chemokines. Binding of ULBPs ligands to NKG2D induces calcium mobilization and activation of the JAK2, STAT5, ERK and PI3K kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. The interaction with UL16 blocks the interaction with the NKG2D receptor, providing a mechanism by which CMV infected cells m

HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases and encodes a protein with a HECT domain and five RCC1 repeats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate expression of this gene in endothelial cells. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and functions as an interferon-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. The gene lies in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4.

This gene encodes a transmembrane proton-coupled folate transporter protein that facilitates the movement of folate and antifolate substrates across cell membranes, optimally in acidic pH environments. This protein is also expressed in the brain and choroid plexus where it transports folates into the central nervous system. This protein further functions as a heme transporter in duodenal enterocytes, and potentially in other tissues like liver and kidney. Its localization to the apical memb